Globalization and Its Effect on Consumer Behavior

090246000 Trends in Global Marketing Strategies Changing dynamics of consumer behavior due to globalization Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior Rosemarie van Alst, vanaalst@lut.fi, 0274505 Susanne Rinn, rinn@lut.fi, 0274411 2 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................3 2. THE CHANGING DYNAMIC OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: IMPLICATIONS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH..................4 3. CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL CONSUMPTION CONTEXTS: THE UNEVEN GLOBALIZATION OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR.....7 4. GLOBALIZATION AND RELUCTANT BUYERS...........................9 5. THE CHANGING CONSUMER IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: A†¦show more content†¦One of the results of this changing dynamic is that the consumers are becoming exposed to the products, lifestyles and behaviour patterns of consumers in other countries. There are some reasons, for example that barriers come down (European Union) and consumers and goods move freely across national boundaries. Firms gradually alter traditional patterns of behaviour, by introducing new products, services and ideas into the global market place. As a result countries or cultures can no longer be viewed in isolation as a set of separate entities, characterized by their own distinctive value-systems, traits and customs. 5 In the 60s and 70s the first studies (cross-cultural consumer research) emerged, which examine the consumer behaviour in the different countries. Studies were primarily descriptive and lacked any strong conceptual framework to interpret findings and make inferences about observed ‘similarities or ‘differences in behaviour in different countries. One wanted to examine whether similar consumption samples and behaviour in similar demographic and sociological-cultural groups in the different natio nal cultures exist. A number of studies have focused on examining the universality of consumer models in different countries and cultural contexts. This is one of the key themes in cross-cultural psychology. Another stream of research focuses on comparing similarities andShow MoreRelatedWhat Can Raise Awareness Of Sustainable Consumption Of Textiles For College Students1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Many consumers aren’t educated on the importance of sustainability of clothing and textiles. The media mistakenly represents sustainability and the influence it can have on the environment. This research paper will attempt to address the question of what could raise awareness of sustainable consumption of textiles for college students. Consumers should all be aware of how they can conserve the environment by preserving clothing which is a concept that many people have not acknowledgedRead MoreGlobalization And The Speed Of Globalization1726 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been acceleration in the speed of globalization in current years. Its scope has too widened past the realm of economies to involve the domains of cultural, political and social practices and norms. This powerful shove has been connected with far-reaching cost for economic well-being, political processes and social structures in countries across the world. The diverse parts of the entire world have actually be come so co-dependent in so many respects that it is not possible any longer toRead MoreThe Globalization of Culture1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe term â€Å"globalization† has been used more frequently in the late 20th century, and along with it is the ongoing development of trade, urbanization and the sharing of knowledge (Wikipedia). The constant rotation of the source of goods, knowledge, new ideas and the explosion of information technology and mass media has brought cultures into contact with each other. As an inevitable consequence, globalization has created an impact on culture, causing changes in three main aspects which are traditionalRead MoreInternational Advertising : Theory And Approach925 Words   |  4 PagesTheory Approach International advertising is becoming more complex due to the varieties in both the theoretical approach and application. is a complex concept that varies drastically in both theoretical approach and application. The emerging global consumer culture is affecting international marketing theories and in return, international promotional mix decisions. American culture is dominating the global markets due to the use and application of international advertising by American companies. InRead MoreThe Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Leadership Effectiveness in Multinational Organizations1354 Words   |  5 PagesA Study on Cultural intelligence and its effect on leadership effectiveness and behavior in multinational organizations in Asia Introduction The success of corporate sector is the critical element for the sustained growth and prosperous economy of any nation. In today’s tough competitive market environment, organizations strive to differentiate themselves from the rest by offering the most innovative product and services to the consumers. Organizations that offer solutions beyond the current needsRead MoreA selective Annotated Bibliography on Convergence and Divergence1577 Words   |  7 PagesA selective Annotated Bibliography on Convergence and Divergence Theodore Levitt (1983). â€Å"The Globalization of Markets.† Harvard business review pg 92-102 The author asserts in this journal to understand the two vectors shape the world – technology and globalization. The first helps determine human preferences, the second, economic realities. The global companies systematically push these vectors toward their own convergence, offering everyone simultaneously high-quality, more or less standardizedRead MoreGlobalization : A Short History1720 Words   |  7 Pagesworld today are seen less superior and most likely to keep peace and order rather than starting violence. In Jujen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson’s book Globalization: A Short History, they investigate what led to globalization. They discuss events in history starting from the 1800s to the cold war era and what events led to globalization. Osterhammel and Petersson describe every event in details that have led to the world we live in today. From there discussion, it is seen that Europe was a dominatingRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Current Era of Globalizat ion with the First Age of Globalization (1850s-1920s). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Its Current Context?1720 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent era of globalization with the first age of globalization (1850s-1920s). What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in its current context? Word count: 1530   Unit Coordinator: Dr Tony Ramsay I am going to contrast the current era of globalization with the first age of globalization in many different aspects, in the mean time analysis the merits and demerits of　globalization in its current context. John and Kenneth (2012, p. 28) find that the concept of globalization means theRead MoreGlobalization in Great Britain792 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is described as the process through which the regional societies, economics and cultures are becoming integrated by a global network of ideas of politics via, transportation, communication and trade. It is mostly assumed to be economic globalization or the integration of the nationally based economics into one international economy through foreign direct investment, trade or capital flow or the spread of technology.   The study below concerns the advantages and disadvantages of globalizationRead MoreHow Globalization Has Affected Our Generation? Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe nature of this critical though pa per is to understand how globalization has affected our generation in different ways so we can compare and contrast the movements of the 21 century in positive and negative ways. The world has been impacted regularly in conflicts regarding the major political changes over the years we have seen a major growth in economies around world, countries like China and India have managed to rise up to compete with one major power the United States of America, the nature

Party Activists as Campaign Advertisers †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Party Activists as Campaign Advertisers. Answer: Introduction: Australian Agency Law focuses on the equation between the principal and an agent who are entitled to work together. As per the law, it is known as the quasi-contractual relationship that associates a person called the agent who is requested to execute his actions on behalf of another person. The other person being the principal must form legal relations with a third party. Dillon v. Gange held that there must be a mutual consent between both the principal and the agent. However, in a few cases such a relationship is known as an employer and employee relationship (Robert 2013). An agent and principal form the first contract. Such a contract gives authority to the agent to work on his behalf of his principal. Thereafter, follows a second contract, which is created between the principal and the third party due to the activities of the agent. A principal is mostly held liable for the acts committed by his or her agent as observed in the case of Life Assurance Corp v. Pro Golf Association . Therefore, the principal is said to have an additional obligation to guarantee the agent for any sort of payments that have been incurred by the agent. The terms and clauses of the Agency Law have been discussed majorly under the Common Law (Donald 2013). No statutory requirements need to be produced in between the terms of the notice period. As observed from the law an agent has a few specific duties towards the principal that should be carried out. Firstly, an agent is bound to follow the instructions that are provided by the principal. Secondly, an agent should be always be faithful to his or her principal. His work is to act for the best interest of the principal and he should not make any kind of secret revenue from the principal. Thirdly, his duty is to maintain and balance the account of the amounts that are usually paid and received on behalf of the principal. Fourthly, an agent must make use of reasonable skill and techniques to perform any kind of specific task when the principal is not present. Therefore, an agent must always act in due care and negligence. Lastly, the principal must get informed about all the matters and issue that comes to the knowledge of the agent when linked to their agency relationship (Beaupert et al. 2017). For example, an owner of a car may be held liable vicariously because of the negligence caused by an individual to whom the car was loaned (Oliver, Justin and Paul Schoff 2017). Hence, if the owner was a principal and the driver was the agent, he will be held liable for the actions of his agent. Consolo v Bennett states that like an agent, even the principal is bound by certain duties towards his agents. The principal must be present to compensate the agent based on the liabilities that can occur on part of the unauthorized activities of the agent. The principal is also bound to indemnify the agent when services were completed by him on time. In case of a disbursement committed by the agent, it is the duty of the princi pal to reimburse such an agent. The principal should provide necessary cooperation to the agent while he is carrying out his activities. However, the agent is also permitted to recover the expenses that were made during the period of agency. These expenses generally include registration fees and travelling expenses (Eric 2013). It can stated that according to the relationship of the principal and the agent, employers are vicariously liable in relation to the theory of superior doctrine. This concept is generally applicable when the employees in the course of their employment commit negligent activities (Jonathan 2015). When both the employer and employee are in a legal contract, they both have to fulfill their legal duties and act accordingly. The contract formed between them will not be considered to be valid if one of the parties have not failed to carry out his duties. According to the law, there are a few specific cases where the right of indemnity cannot be vested on the agent. There are conditions based on this concept. Firstly, an agent will be committing unauthorized act if he outbursts the functions that was entrusted by the principal. The principal has the right to call the agents actions unauthorized if the principal before did not ratify it. Secondly, the agent will have no right to reimburse if it was an unlawful act, which was carried out by him. Although there are cases when the services performed by the agent to the principal consists of an implied term (Enos, Ryan and Hersh 2015). The agent will not be in a situation to reimburse if such is the situation. However, unlawful acts are not accepted. Thirdly, the agent will be committing a breach of his duties if he acts negligently during the course of his employment. He services rendered by the agent to its principal includes an implied term. Implied terms is present in the agreement where the agent may not be in the situation to ask for remuneration that deserves from the incident. Thus, these a re the basic and general rules of the Agency Law that needs to be applied in the given scenario. From the given scenario, it can be observed that the breeder and carer of an alpaca was Steve. He used to charge $100 per week for taking care of them. Steve was hired by Bianca to take care of her alpaca. Thereafter, formed an agent and principal relationship between Steve and Bianca based on mutual consent. Steve had noticed that one of the pregnant alpacas were not well and was having respiratory trouble. Steve was tensed in such a moment as he was the temporary care taker of the alpaca. He was invested with certain duties that he had to carry out. There was a mutual consent between them and an employer-employee relationship was created. By seeing the alpaca suffer Steve thought of calling Bianca, the owner as it was his duty to inform the principal about the activities (Knapp et al. 2016). Bianca was unavailable and he could not have a word with her regarding the situation. However, being an agent, Steve ensured to inform his principal about his duties so that he is not held liab le later. Seeing the condition of the alpaca getting worse, he took it to the veteran and the doctor suggested that the alpaca needs to get operated (Persson, Sybille and Wasieleski 2015). After hearing so, he tried contacting the principal, Bianca as he was working under his instructions but could not reach her as. She was unavailable throughout the time Steve tried contacting her, He had called at her home, her housekeeper received the call but did not show much interest and attention to what Steve was saying. However, Steve had no other option but to take the alpaca to the veteran as the condition was deteoriating. The veterinarian took the permission from Steve for operating the alpaca and it was a complete success that Steve carried out his duties being the carer of the alpaca. Once Steves principal and the owner of the alpaca returned to take back she found about the operation of the alpaca. Steve cleared and paid all the expenses that were incurred during the operation. When Bianca had arrived to collect the alpaca, she was informed by Steve that an amount of $3500 was paid by him for the operation of alpaca. Steve took all the responsibilities and carried out his duties without committing any kind of unlawful and unauthorized act. Applying the Agency Law, being the agent, Steve was loyal and faithful to the employer who had given him the instructions and carried them out accordingly. The principal is bound to compensate the agent, if there is no fault of the agent and he has carried out his duties within time. If the law is applied in this scenario, Steve had performed his duties as an agent. It was because of Steves sincerity and caring nature that Biancas alpaca got saved. Therefore, Bianca will be held liable for the expenses that were incurred by her agent. She is bound to reimburse Steve. The principals duty is to indemnify the agent based on the account that authorized and the agent for keeping the best interests of the principal executed lawful acts. Conclusion In this regard, it can be concluded stating that the Agency Law needs to be followed and applied in a situation where the relationship of Principal and Agents exist. As observed from the above scenario, it is to be stated that an agent cannot be liable personally. The principal will always be held liable for the activites of the agents. Therefore, it can be concluded by stating that Bianca, the principal will be held liable to pay the amount of $3500 to Steve his agent. References: Beaupert, Fleur, Linda Steele, and Piers Gooding. "Introduction to disability, rights and law reform in Australia: Pushing beyond legal futures."Law in Context35, no. 2 (2017): 1. Chang, Linda, and Jengchung Victor Chen. "Aligning principal and agents incentives: A principalagent perspective of social networking sites."Expert systems with applications41, no. 6 (2014): 3091-3104. Dewing, Jonathan. "Howard Bennett, Principles of the Law of Agency." (2015): 497. Enos, Ryan D., and Eitan D. Hersh. "Party activists as campaign advertisers: The ground campaign as a principal-agent problem."American Political Science Review109, no. 2 (2015): 252-278. Knapp, Charles L., Nathan M. Crystal, and Harry G. Prince.Problems in Contract Law: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2016. Langwoort, Donald C. "Agency law inside the corporation: Problems of candor and knowledge."U. Cin. L. Rev.71 (2013): 1187. Oliver, Justin, and Paul Schoff. "Agency and Competition Law in Australia Following ACCC v Flight Centre Travel Group."Journal of European Competition Law Practice8, no. 5 (2017): 321-328. Persson, Sybille, and David Wasieleski. "The seasons of the psychological contract: Overcoming the silent transformations of the employeremployee relationship."Human Resource Management Review25, no. 4 (2015): 368-383. Rasmusen, Eric. "Agency law and contract formation."American Law and Economics Review6, no. 2 (2014): 369-409. Sitkoff, Robert. "An agency costs theory of trust law."Cornell L. Rev.89 (2013): 621. Spanjol, Jelena, Leona Tam, and Vivian Tam. "Employeremployee congruence in environmental values: An exploration of effects on job satisfaction and creativity."Journal of Business Ethics130, no. 1 (2015): 117-130. Tanwar, Karnica, and Asha Prasad. "Exploring the relationship between employer branding and employee retention."Global Business Review17, no. 3_suppl (2016): 186S-206S.